Secret telegraph system



y 1946. R. M. HICKS 2,403,280

SECRET TELEGRAPH SYSTEM Filed- March 1 1939 s Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG. I

INVENTOR R. M. HICKS ATTORNEY July 2, 1946. R. M. HICKS SECRET TELEGRAPHSYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 1, 1939 lNYENTOR R. M. H :c KS

Emm-

ATTORNEY Filed March 1,1939 5 sheets-sheaf. 3

mvsN'roR R M HICKS ATTORNEY July 2, 1946.

R. M. HICKS SECRET TELEGRAPH SYSTEM Filed March 1, 1939 5 Sheets-Sheet 4INVENTOR R. M: H ICKS ATTORNEY hlH- SShaets-Sheet 5 Filed March 1, 1959comm; RELAY APPARATUS ATTORNEY Patented July 2, 1946 SECRET TELEGRAPHSYSTEM Raymond M. Hicks, Westfield, N. J., assignor to The TeleregisterCorporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware ApplicationMarch 1, 1939, Serial No. 259,267

9 Claims.

This invention relates to secret communication systems and apparatuswherein the information is transmitted in cipher form and thereafterdeciphered automatically at a receiving station. More specifically themessage is set up by means of a telegraph typewriter keyboard whichcauses a coding mechanism to function to place the message in coded formand transmit the same to a. receiving station when it is decodedautomatically. Coding and decoding systems of various types haveheretofore been proposed, but such systems are complicated in structure,difificult to maintain in synchronous operation, and in general are notpracticable for use in commercial service.

An object of the invention is a novel and improved system and apparatusin which the disadvantages of the various systems heretofore proposedare obviated, and in which the code: combinations corresponding to eachof the various characters comprising a message are changed automaticallyat frequent intervals during the transmission of the message whereby thecharacter most frequently appearing in the coded message does so as theresult of chance and not by reason of association with a particularcharacter of the original message.

A further object of the invention is a system of the character disclosedin which the various elements may largely be composed of standardtelephone and telegraph apparatus and in which the number of specialparts required is reduced to a minimum.

A further object of the invention is an improved system in which amessage is automatically placed in coded form such that the differentcharacter signals of the message are transmitted in permutation code andare permuted in different Ways after each character or group ofcharacter signals have been transmitted, thereby to change the codefrequently during the transmission of a message.

Still another object is the provision of means for restarting the cycleof operation of the encoding devices at desired intervals and formaintaining the decoding devices at a receiving station in synchronismwith the coding devices of the transmitting station.

Another of the objects resides in the provision of novel and improvedmeans for automatically changing the codes of a. message in cipher atfrequent intervals during the transmission of the coded message to areceiving station.

Another object resides in the provision of apparatus for receivingmessages in cipher wherein the received message is decoded according todifferent codes corresponding to difierent portions of the message andposted on a posting device.

Another object is to provide a system for controlling the operation of atelegraph printer or stock quotation display board by telegraph signalsreceived in permutation code wherein the code corresponding to eachcharacter of the Fig. 1 shows transmitting apparatus in accordance withone embodiment of the invention;

Fig. -2 shows the receiving apparatus controlled by the transmitter ofFig. 1;

Fig. 3 shows one of the many code arrangements suitable for use with thetransmitting systems herein disclosed;

Fig. 4 shows the code arrangement for use with the receiving mechanismwhen the code arrangement of Fig. 3 is employed;

Fig, 5 shows transmitting apparatus in accordance with anotherembodiment of the invention;

Fig. 6 shows the receiving and decoding apparatus for use with thetransmitting apparatus of Fig. 5; i

Fig. 7 illustrates diagrammatically a telegraph printer controlled bythe apparatus of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of a stock quotation board andcontrol apparatus therefor operated by the receiving apparatus of Fig.6;

Fig. 9 shows a system for converting a coded telegraph message into aplurality of different codes;

Fig. 10 is a View in section, partly broken away, taken along the linellll0 of Fig. 9;

Fig. 11 is a view in perspective partly broken away of the sendingdevice of Fig. 9;

Fig. 12 shows a suitable arrangement for readily changing theconnections between the incoming conductors and the contacts of thecoding relays; and

' Fig. 13 shows a modified cam arrangement which may be used with theimpulse machine of Fig. 5.

Referring now to the drawings, on which like parts are designated bylike numerals, there is shown on Figs. 1 and 2 thereof a complete systemcomprising a transmitting and receiving station, respectively. Thetransmitting station comprises a tape transmitter TTR, a set of codingrelays GR, a set of counting relays GT and a transmitting distributor TDhaving an outgoing line L connected thereto.

The receiving station comprises, among other elements, a receivingdistributor RD connected to the transmitting station by means of theline L, a set of receiving relays RR, a set of decoding relays DR, acounting relay chain CY and a telegraph printer designated PTR forrecording the telegraph message set up in the tape of the tapetransmitter TTR. The printer may be of the type known in the telegraphart as 25-A, pat ented March 20, 1923, Patent No. 1,448,750.

The operation of the system will now be described in detail. Assume, forexample, that the tape transmitter has been provided with a copioussupply of tape 1, perforated by a tape perforating machine, as is wellknown in the telegraph art, to represent a message and that the codeemployed during the process of perforation is a code suitable foroperation of the printer PTR, Fig. 2. Since in the assumed case, thereis an ample supply of perforated tape in the tape transmitter, theauto-control AC will have its contacts 2 closed thereby applying groundto one end of the windings of the tape-step magnet TS and thetransmitting distributor start magnet TSM by way of conductor 3 therebycausing the start magnet to attract the latch 4 and release thedistributor brushes Bi and B2 for rotation, the motor mechanism foroperating the distributor not bein illustrated as this construction iswell known in the art to which the invention relates. As the brushes ofthe transmitting distributor move away from their stop or rest positionthe start magnet RSM of the receiving distributor RD, Fig. 2. is causedto operate, as is the common practice in distributors of the type hereindisclosed, thereby setting the receiving distributor into operation.

Since at this time relay 6-, Fig. 1, is unoperated', battery at armatureof relay G and break contact thereof is applied to conductor 6, armaturel and break contact of relay GT2 and thence to the winding of relay CT,thereby causing relay GTI to operate. The operation of relay CTi closesa circuit from ground at the break contact and armature 8 of relay GT2,armature 9 and make contact of relay GTI to the winding of coding relayCR5 thereby causing relay GR! to operate and connect the conductors ll,l2, I3, I l, l5 and iii to the conductors ll, l8, I9, 20, 2i and 22respectively. The conductors ll, l3, I9, 25, 2! and 22 are connected tosegments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1 respectively of the ring R! of thetransmitting distributor TD. If the character perforated in the tape issuch that the tongues 23 of the tape transmitter TTR are closed incombination to connect battery to conductors ll, l3 and I5, for example,the circuits including these conductors will be continued by way ofoperated contacts 2t, 25 and 26 of relay GRI to conductors I1, I9 and 2|respectively such that battery will be applied to the line L during thetime that the brush Bl of the distributor TD is in engagement with thesegments 2, 4 and (i of the ring RI thereof. When the brush B2 engagessegment 2 of ring R3, a circuit is completed from battery at ring R4,brush B2, segment 2 of ring R3, conductor 21 and thence to the windingof relay G, causing relay G to op- 4 erate and at its armature 5 removebattery from conductor 6, thereby causing relay GT2 to operate over thefollowing circuit: battery at armature 28 and break contact of relay H,conductor 29, winding of relay GT2, conductor 3!, armature 32 and makecontact of relay GTI, winding of relay GTI and thence to ground. Theoperation of relay GT2 at its armature 8,, removes ground from thewinding of relay GRI causing relay GR! to release, and at its armatureI, closes a circuit in part for the subsequent operation of the nextsucceeding pair of counting relays, with the switch 33 in the positionillustrated on the drawings. As armature 5 of relay G engages its makecontact battery is applied to conductor 34 extending to the windings ofthe tape step magnet TS thereby causing the magnet TS to operate andstep the next transverse row of perforations into operative positionwithrespect to the tongues 23 of the tape transmitter. As the brush BIengages segment 9 of the ring RI battery is applied to the line L. Asthe brush B2 passes. ofi segment 2 of the ring R3, relay G releasesthereby deenergizlng the tape step magnet and again applying battery toconductor 6, the circuit now being continued through armature l and makecontact of relay GT2, switch 33, armature 35 and break contact of relayGT l, winding of relay GT3 and thence to ground thereby operating relayGT3. A circuit is now completed from ground at the armature 33 of relayGT4 by way of armature 31 and make contact of relay GT3 to the windingof code relay CR2 causing relay CR2 to operate and connect theconductors H, l2, f3, I4, [5' and Hi to the conductors 22, :7, I8, IQ,23 and 2! respectively.

If it be assumed, for example, that the character previously set up inthe tape transmitter is to be repeated, battery will again be applied toconductors ll, l3 and I5 and by virtue of the operation of relay CR2,these conductors are now in electrical circuit with conductors 22, i8and 20 respectively whereby battery is applied to the line L as thebrush B1 passes over segments, 3-, 5 and l of the ring RI.

When the brush B2 crosses segment 2 of the ring R3, relay G operates toeffect the operation of relay GT4 and cause the tape to be steppedahead. The operation ofrelay GT4 at its armature 36' releases code relayCR2 and at its armature 35 connects the pulsing circuit to the pair ofcounting relays GT5 nd GT6, the operation of relay GT5 causing relay CR3to operate and interchange the connections between the tongues 23 of thetape transmitter TTR and the segments 2, 3, l, 5, 6 and 1 of the ring R!in accordance with the arrangement shown on Fig. 3 of the drawings inwhich the topmost horizontal row of digits represents the six units ofthe code setup by the tongues 23 of the tape transmitter and.

each succeeding horizontal row of digits. shows the manner in which theoriginal code is altered" by the operation of the code relay GRI to CR6as these relays are successively operated. During the fourth, fifth andsixth revolutions of the distributor TD; the counting relays CT! to GTI2are caused to operate and control the operation of the code relays CR4to CR6 to switch the connections between the tape transmitter tonguesand the transmitting segments, of the distributor TD- generally in themanner of the foregoing de-- scription' Because of space limitations,relays GT7, GT8 and CR4 are not shown on-Fig. 1: of the drawings, but itwill be understood that they are interposed as indicated by the dottedline portions of the conductorsshowninthe figure..

The operation of relay CR6 at its armature 38 connects ground to thewinding of relay H, which operates when brush B2 engages segment 2 ofthe ring R3 and at its armature 39 connects battery to segment I of thering RI whereby a battery signal is applied to the line L duringthepassage of the brush BI over this segment to cause the release of thereceiving equipment as will more clearly appear as the descriptionproceeds. The operation of relay H at its armature 28 removed batteryfrom conductor 29 thereby releasing the operated relays of the countingchain CT and coding relay CR6. As the brush B2 passes 01f segment 2 ofthe ring R3, battery is removed from conductor 21 and the relays G and Hrelease. Relay H is sufficiently slow-in releasing to maintain batteryon segment III of the ring RI until after the brush BI has passed offthis segment. The release of relay G at its armature connects battery toconductor 6 thereby operating relays C'II and CRI whereupon the cycle ofoperation of the transmitter is repeated until the tape I causes theauto-stop AC to open its contacts 2 and bring the transmitting andreceiving distributors to rest by deenergization of their stop magnetsTSlyl and RSM respectively. During the first revolution of thetransmitting and receiving distributors, it will be recalled, segments2, 4 and 6 of the transmitting distributor were energized and during thetime that the brush BI was passing over these segments, the brush RBI ofthe receiving distributor RD, Fig 2 was in engagement with thecorrespondingly designated segments of the ring R2 of the receivingdistributor thereby causing receiving relays RI, R3 and R5 to beoperated from battery signals received over the line L.

The operation of relay RI at its armature 4| closed a locking circuit byway of conductor 42 to maintain the relay RI operated after thedistributor brush RBI has passed off segment 2 of the ring R2 asfollows: Ground, winding of relay RI, armature 4| and make contact ofrelay RI, conductor 42, break contact and armature 43 of relay R andthence to battery. In a similar manner the relays R3 and R5 lock toarmature 43 of relay R during this revolution of the receivingdistributor.

Now since during the time that the brush RBI was traversing segments Ito I of the ring R2 of the receiving distributor during the firstrevolution thereof, relay R was unoperated, a circuit is completed frombattery at armature 44 and break contact of rela R, conductor 45,armature 46 and break contact of relay CY2 to the winding of relay CYIand thence to ground thereby causing relay CYI to operate. The operationof relay CYI completes a circuit from ground at armature 4! of relay(3Y2, conductor 48, armature 49 and make contact of relay CYI to thewinding of decoding relay DRI thereby causing relay DRI to operate andplace the receiving equipment in condition to receive and decode thecharacter received during the first revolution of the distributor RD.More specifically, the operation of the decoding relay connects theconductors 5|, 52, 53, '54, 55 and 56 to the conductors BI, 62, 63, 64,65 and 66 respectively extending to the selection magnets SMI to SM6 ofthe printer PTR.

When the brush RB2 engages segment 3 of the ring R3 a circuit iscompleted from battery at segment 3 of the ring R3, brush RB2, segment 3of the ring R4, conductor 61, armature '51 and make contact of rela RI,conductor 5|, make contact and armature 68 of relay DRI, conductorthence to theprinter selection magnet 8M3. In

a similar manner battery on conductor Ii! is extended by way of armature59 of the relay R5 and armature II of the relay DRI to the printerselection magnet SM5. ,The printer, selection magnets SMI, SM3 and SM5are operated over the circuits just described thereby storing in theprinter the first character transmitted-having code units I, 3 and 5marking in character and thus setting the printer in operation to closeits contacts I2 and, prepare in part a circuit tothe print magnet PM; a

When the brush RBI is brushBI, ring R2, line L, ring RI of the receivingdistributor RD, brush RBI; segment 9-.of the ring R2,.conductor I3,winding of relay Rand thence to ground. The operation of relay R at itsarmature 43 removes batteryfromconductor 42 thereby releasing relays RI,R3 and'R5r When armature 44 of relay R moved away from its break contactbattery was removed from conductor 45 thereby causing relay CY2 tooperate-over the following circuit: battery, armature l4 and breakcontact of relay P, conductor I5, winding of relay 0Y2, armature I6 andmake contact of relay CYI, winding of relay CYI and thence to ground.The operation of relay CY2 atits armature 41 removed ground fromconductor 48 thereby causing relay DRI to release. I V i As brush RBIpasses oiT from segment 9 of the ring R2 relay R releases and atarmature thereof applies battery to conductor 45, armature 46 and makecontact of relay 0Y2, switch, I-I, armature I8 and break contact ofrelay 6Y4, winding of relay CY3 and thence to ground thereby causingrelay CY3 to' operate and close a circuit from ground at the breakcontact and armature I9 of relay 0Y4, conductor 8I, armature 82 and makecontact of relay CY3 to one endof the winding of decoding relay DR2, theother end of which is connected to battery. Relay DR2 operates and, asindicated on Fig. 4,'connects the conductors 5|, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 56to the conductors 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 and BI, respectively.

When the distributor brush RB2 engages segment I of the ring R3 acircuit is completed from battery at segment I of the ring R3, brushRB2, segment I of the ring R4, conductor 80, contacts I2 of the printerwhich close automatically whenever the selection magnets SMI to SMSrespectively have received a character signal, winding of the printmagnet PM and thence to ground, thereby causing the print magnet tooperate and print the character having the code units'I, 3 and 5 markingand the code units 2, 4 and 6 spacing. In the assumed example, it willbe recalled, the second character of the original message had the codeunits I, 3 and 5 thereof marking in character whereas, due to theoperation of coding relay CR2, Fig, 1, this character was transmittedover the line L as a signal having the code units 2, 4 and 6 thereofmarking and the codes I, 3 and 5 spacing in character. Duringthe secondrevolution of the receiving distributor, therefore, marking signals willbe received during the time that the brush RBI is in engagement with thesegments 3, 5 and I of the ring 1320f in engagement with segment 9 ofthe ring R2 the relay -R operates over the following circuit: battery onsegment-,3 of the ring RI of the. transmitting distributor,

7 the receiving distributor and relays R2, R4 and R6 will be operatedand lock by way of conductor 42 to battery at the break contact andarmature 43 of relay R.

When the brush BB2 engages segment 3 of the ring R3, battery is appliedto conductor 61 extending to armatures 83, 84 and 85 of relays R2, R4and R5 respectively and thence to conductors 52, 54 and 55, contacts andarmatures 86, 81 and 88 of relay DRZ, from whence the circuits arecontinued by way of conductors 53, $5 and SI to the selection magnetsSMi, SM3 and SM5 of the printer PTR thus causing these selection magnetsto operate and store within the printer the second character comprisingthe code units I, 3 and 5 marking and the code units 2, 4 and 6 spacingin character.

As brush RBI engages segment 9 of the ring R2, relay R operates therebyreleasing relays R2, R4. and R6 and causing the operation of relay Y4and the release of relay DRZ. The operation of relay CY4 at its armatureI8 transfers the pulsing circuit comprising the conductor 45 to the nextpair of counting relays. When segment I of the ring R3 is engaged by thebrush RBZ the print magnet PM operates to print the second characterstored in the printer selection magnets.

In a similar manner during the third, fourth, fifth and sixthrevolutions of the receiving distributor the pairs of counting relaysCYCYG to CYI I-CYIZ are operated thereby controlling the operation ofthe decoding relays DR3 to DRE successively to decode the message codedby the relays CR3 to CR6 respectively.

During the sixth revolution of the transmitting distributor, it will berecalled, battery was applied to the line L during the time that thebrush BI was in engagement with segment II] of the ring RI of thedistributor TD from whence the circuit is continued by way of ring RI ofthe receiving distributor, brush RBI, segment II] of the ring R2 andconductor 89 to the winding of relay P causing relay P to operate. Theoperation of relay P at its armature 74 removes battery from conductorI5 thereby releasing the relays of the counting chain CY and thedecoding relay DRS. The release of counting relay CY2 at its armature itcauses relay CYI to reoperate over the following circuit; battery,armature 44 and break contact of relay R, conductor 45. armature 46 andbreak contact of relay CYZ, winding of relay CYI and thence to ground.The operation of relay CYI at its armature 49 causes the decoding relayDRI to operate. As the brush RBI leaves segment II] of the ring R2, therelay P releases and when the brush RBZ engages segment I of the ringR3, the print magnet PM operates to print the last character receivedand stored within the printer. The receiving apparatus of Fig. 2 has nowcompleted a complete cycle of operations and restored to normal.

Whereas in the foregoing example, the system of Figs. 1 and 2 has beendescribed with reference to transmitting and receiving six charactersbefore restoring to normal it is not so limited as a greater or lessernumber of coding and decoding relays CR and DR with their associatedcontrol relays and switches may be provided whereby any desiredrearrangement of the code units may be employed for transmission of themessage signals,

Thus, where a six-unit code is employed, the possible number ofdifferent connections of the contacts of the coding relays CR Will befactorial 6, which is 720, and therefore it is possible to employ 720coding relays each differently connecting the segments 2 to I of thedistributor I'D to the tongues 23 of the tape transmitter TTR. With suchan arrangement it will be appreciated that the possibility that anygiven character in a message will be represented a second time in themessage by the same code combination is so extremely remote as toprevent deciphering of the message by unauthorized parties. In additionto this, the arrangement of the coding relays in each of the groups maybe changed within the group and the groups may be changed with respectto each other, thus increasing the number of coding arrangements forwhich the system is adapted. In the group of coding relays shown in Fig.1, each of the coding relays CR is connected in a different manner tothe tongues of the tape transmitter, and it will be appreciated that iftwo or more of the coding relays are connected in an identical manner tothe tongues, this will further increase the number of possible codingarrangements.

Furthermore, the cycle of coding and decoding operations may be repeatedat more frequent intervals, if desired, by operating any of the switchesof Figs. 1 and 2. If, for example, the switch 40 of Fig. 1 and theswitch 9| of Fig. 2 were moved to the positions indicated in dottedoutline on the drawings, the operation of relay GT4, Fig. 1, at armature35 thereof switches the pulsing circuit by way of switch 40 andconductor 50 to the pair of counting relays C'I'II-CTIZ. In a similarmanner, the operation of relay CY4, Fig. 2, at armature I8 thereof,switches the pulsing circuit by way of switch 9| and conductor to thepair of counting relays CYI ICYE2.

The coding relays CRI, CR2 and CR6 and the decoding relays DRI, DRZ andDB6 operate successively to code and decode the successive characters ofa message according to the connections set up at the contacts of theserelays, the code thus being altered three times before the cycle ofoperations just described is repeated.

The apparatus and circuits comprising the transmitting and receivingsystem of Figs. 5 and 6 respectively will now be described withreference first to the receiving printer shown on Fig. 7 andsubsequently with reference to the stock quotation receiving and postingsystem of Fig. 8 wherein the stock prices are simultaneously displayed.on market quotation boards at a plurality of brokers ofiices.

Referring first to Fig. 5, there is shown there on a tape transmitterTTR having the tongues 92 thereof in electrical circuit with thearmatures 93, 94, 95, 9B, 91 and 98 of the transmitting relay TR, themake contacts of this relay being connected to conductors IUI, I02, I03,I04, I05 and I96 respectively. The operation of the coding relays A2 toF2 connects these conductors toconductors I'II, I12, H3, H4, II5 and H6in accordance with the particular coding relay operated generally in themanner of the circuit arrangement of Fig. 1. The group of conductors IIIto H6 are connected by way of break contacts of relays N and S to theradio transmitters RTI, RTZ, RT3, RT4, RT5 and RTE, each of which isadapted to transmit a radio signal superimposed upon a carrier wave,having a different frequency from the others of the radio transmitters,whenever a signal is impressed upon the signal control clrcuitsconnected thereto.

The operation of the coding relays A2 to F2 in successive order iscontrolled by the relay counting chain comprising the relays A to FI.

The impulse machine 1M comprises a motor 99 connected by the clutch I toa shaft IIO carrying a gear I01 which engages the gears I08 and I09thereby operating the shafts I I8 and I I9 torotate the impulse cams I2Iand I22 in accordance with the gear ratios of the gears I08 and I09.Thus the cams I2I and I22 may rotate at the same speed, or the cam I22may make several revolutions while the cam I2I is making a singlerevolution, the cam I22 controlling the rate at which a message istransmitted and the cam I2 I controlling the frequency at which the codeis altered. Thus, by the proper selection of the gears I03 and I09, thecode may be altered after each character is transmitted or after a groupof characters have been transmitted by the transmitters RTI to RTG.

The cam arrangement of Fig. 13 may be employed, if desired, with theimpulse machine IM, wherein the single lobe cam I2I of Fig. 5 isreplaced by a cam I2I having two lobes arranged to operate the impulsespring I39 at irregular intervals, for example, after one character hasbeen transmitted and again after three characters have been transmittedby the transmitters RTI to RTB, thus providing an arrangement wherebythe permutation code is changed at irregular intervals. For example, thecam I2 I may be employed to alter the code after two and six charactersrespectively have been transmitted by the proper choice of the gearratio between the gears I01 and I09. It will be understood that the camI2I may comprise more than. two lobes thereby changing the code three ormore times during each revolution thereof and after three or more groupsof characters have been transmitted, each group comprising a differentnumber of characters. It will also be understood that the two lobesshown on Fig. 13 may be in such spaced relationship to each other thattwo and three characters respectively, or any other number of charactersmay be transmitted before the spring I39 operates. Regardless of theparticular arrangement of the cam I2 I employed, the jockey wheel Iprevents the cam I2I coming to rest in any position such that spring I39is in electrical circuit with contact I45.

The clutch I00 is held in engagement by the clutch magnet CM which, whenenergized, attracts its armature and moves the clutch arm I23 to causethe clutch to operate and drive the shaft IIO by the motor 99. When theclutch magnet CM is deenergized the retractile spring I24 operates todisengage the clutch and bring the shaft H0 and impulse cams I2I and I22to rest. The shaft H0 is provided with a jockey wheel I25 havingprotuberances thereon which coact with the roller I26 of the jockeyspring I to prevent the cams I2I and I22 coming to rest with the lobesthereof in contact with any of their associated impulse springs.

The operation of the transmitting apparatus of Fig. 5 will now bedescribed. The terminals I 27 are connected to a source of electricalpower and the switch I28 is closed thereby setting the motor 99 inoperation.

Assume, for example, that a copious supply of perforated tape I29 hasbeen inserted into the tape transmitter 'ITR thereby causing theautostop control AC to close its contacts and, furthermore, that thegears I08 and I09 are so selected that the cams I 2| and I22 rotate atthe same speed whereby the code is altered after the transmission ofeach character.

The closure of contacts I3I of the impulse ma- 10 chine IM appliesbatter to conductor I32, armature I33 and break contact'of relay AI,winding of relay A from whence the circuit is continued to groundthereby operating relay A. A-circuitis now completed from ground at thebreak contact and armature I34 of relay AI, conductor I35, armature I36and make contact of relay A, wind ing of relay A2 and thence to batterythereby operating relay A2 which at the armatures. I40 thereof connectsthe conductors'IIlI, I02, I03, I04,

I05 and I06 to conductors III, H2, H3, II4, H5-

and I I6 respectively. The closure of contacts H0 of the impulse machineby the cam I22 applies battery to conductor I80 extending to thetransmission relay TR to cause relay IR tooperate and connect the tonguecontacts 92 of the tion of relay A2 from whence the circuit is continuedby way of break contact and aifmature I31 of relay N, break contact andarmature I39 of relay S to the radio transmitter RTI causing thistransmitter to send out a radio signal of a predetermined frequency ofoscillation. In like manner the conductors I03 and I05 are electricallyconnected by way ofconductors H3 and H5 and break contacts of relays Nand S to the radio transmitters RT3 and RT5 thereby caus ing thesetransmitters to operate and send out a radio signal at their respectivefrequencies of 1 oscillation. Thus, in the example assumed, with codingrelay A2 operated,the operation of relay TR causes a radio signal to betransmitted by the'conjoint operation of the transmitters RTI, RT2 'andRT3. When interrupter contacts I10 open, relay TR releases and the radiosignal is interrupted.' v

When interrupter spring I39 is'operated by the cam I2I battery isremoved from'conductor I32 and is applied to conductor MI. The r'emovalof battery from conductor I32 caused relay Al to operate over thefollowing circuit: ground, winding of relay A, make contact and armatureI42 of relay A, winding of relay AI',"

conductor I43, break contactand armature I44 of relay N and thence tobattery. Theeng'agement of interrupter spring'l39 with contact I45applied battery to conductor I4I, winding of relay S from whence thecircuit is continued by Way of conductor I lfi make contact and armatureI41 of relay A2 to ground thereby causing relay S to operate and atitsarmatures I38, I40, I49, I50, I5Iand I52 disconnect the transmittingstations RTI to RTE fromthe group of conductors I I I to I I6 and applybattery at conductor I53 to'the transmitterslRTl, RT2, R'ra; RTI! andRT5 to transmit a signal comprising the code units I to 5fmarkin'g andunit 5 spacing in character an'd cause the counting relay chain in thereceiving station, Fig. 6, to step and preparethe apparatus thereat toreceive the next message signal in a different code. The operation ofrelay S at its armature I54 removes ground from conductor I55, armatureI56 and make contact of relay A2 and one end.

of the winding of relay A2, thereby causing relay A2 to release. RelayA2 is slow to release thereby maintaining ground, at its armature I41and make contact thereof, on the conductor I46 for a sufiicient length.of time to hold relay S operated until after the counting relay chainat the receiving station has operated. When relay A2 releases, ground isremoved from conductor I46 and relay S releases.

When impulse spring I39 again engages contact I 3| battery is applied toconductor I32, armature I33 and make contact of relay AI, armature I59and break contact of relay BI and thence to the winding of relay Bthereby operating relay B and thus causing relay B2 to operate andconnect the group of conductors IUI to I96 to the conductors II I to H6in accordance with the altered code arrangement employed. The firstmessage signal and the code shift signal have now been transmitted.

.As the contacts I60 of the interrupter cam I22 close, ground is appliedto conductor I51 extending to the tape step magnet TS thereby operatingthe magnet to step the next transverse row of perforations of the tapeinto the tape transmitter TTR. A cycle of operation for the transmissionof a single character of a message has now been completed.

In a similar manner, the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixthcharacters are transmitted by the radio stations RTI to RTE inaccordance with the wiring arrangement of the coding relays B2 to F2, acode change sign-a1 following each character signal. When relay F2operates preparatory to sending the sixth coded signal, a circuit isclosed from grounded armature I59 of relay F2 to one end of the windingof relay N which operates when the interrupter spring I39 is moved intoengagement with contact I45. The operation of relay N at its armaturesI31, IBI, I62, I63, I64 and I65 connects battery at conductor I53 by wayof break contacts and armatures I38, I48, I49, I50, II and I52 of relayS to the transmitting station-s RTI, RTZ, RT3, RT4, RT5 and RTE therebysending a signal comprising the code units I, 2, 3, 4,, 5 and B markingin charactor to normalize the receiving apparatus. The operation ofrelay N at its armature I44 removed battery from conductor I43 therebyreleasing the operated relays of the counting relay chain. When armatureI58 of relay F2 moves away from its make contact, ground is removed fromthe winding of relay N and relay N releases. The engagement ofinterrupter spring I39 with the contact I3I applies battery to conductorI32, armature I33 and break contact of relay AI and thence to thewinding of relay A, thereby operating relay A and causing the codingrelay A2 to operate and prepare the code connections for the seventhmessage signal to be transmitted.

Referring now to Fig. 6 of the drawings, the radio signals transmittedby the apparatus of Fig. 4 are received by the radio receiving stationsRCI to RC6, each of which is adapted to respond to signals from thetransmitting stations RTI to RTE respectively. The operation ofreceiving station RCI operates relay LI to battery on conductor I66. Insimilar manner the operation of receiving stations RC3 and RC5 causesrelays L3 and L5 to operate. When relay LI operates, battery atconductor I6! is applied through break contacts and armatures I93 andI95 of relay L2 and L4 respectively in parallel to conductor I68,armature I69 and make contact of relay LI and thence to conductor I'II.

Relay RC2 of the counting relay chain is operated from battery atarmature I l1 and break contact of relay ST, conductor I2 8, armature H9and break contact of relay RCI, winding of relay RC2 and thence toground. The operation of re-- lay RC2 at its armature lBI completes acircuit from ground at break contact and armature E82 of relay RCI tothe winding of relay DCi, which operates and connects the group ofconductors Iii to I26 to the group of conductors I83 to I 8Srespectively thereby continuing the circuit including conductor I'II bymeans of the make contact an armature I89 of relay DCI to conductor I83connected to slip connection I -9,I and thus applying battery toconductor I92 extending to the first selection magnet SMI of the printerPTR. Since the other end of the winding of this selection magnet isconnected to ground, the selection magnet SMI operates to store thefirst unit of the character code signal. In like manner the selectionmagnets SM3 and SM5 are operated by the relays L3 and L5 to store thethird and fifth code units respectively of the first character of themessage. When the transmission of the character signal is terminated therelays LI, L3 and L5 release and at their armatures I63, I 24 and I95remove battery from the conductors Ill, I23 and I15.

After the character signal is received by the receiving apparatus, thetransmitting stations, it will be recalled, send out a stepping signalcomprising the code units I, 2, 3, 4, and 5 marking and the code unit 6spacing in character. The receiving stations EC! to RC5 respond to thisstepping signal thereby causing relay LI to L5 to operate and at theirarmatures 59, I93, I94, I95 and I95 remove battery from conductor 63thereby preventing the operation of any of the selection magnets of theprinter while this signal is being received.

Relay ST operates over the following circuit: battery on conductor I65,make contact and armature I98 of relay Li make contact and armature I99of relay L2, make contact and armature 2M of relay L3, make contact andarmature 282 of relay L4, make contact and armature 293 of relay L5,conductor 224-, Winding of relay ST and thence to ground. The operationof relay ST at its armature 225 applies battery to conductor 226, slipconnection 29?, conductor 298, printer contacts 299, which closewhenever any of the selection magnets SM! to SMS have been operated,Winding of print magnet PM and thence to ground thereby operating themagnet PM and causing the printer to print the character having the codeunits I, 3 and .5 marking and the code units 2, 4 and 5 spacing incharacter.

When armature III of relay ST moves away from its break contact, batteryis removed from conductor F3 thereby operating relay RCI over a circuitfrom ground, winding of relay RC2, make contact and armature 2II ofrelay RC2, winding of relay RCI, break contact and armature 2I2 of relayUL and thence to battery. The operation of relay RCI at its armature I32removes ground from one end of the Winding of relay DCI thereby causingrelay DCI to release. When the stepping signal has terminated, relay- LIto L5 and, ST release and relays RC4 and DC2 operate to prepare theapparatus to receive the second character of the message in accordancewith the code altered by the coding relay B2, Fig. 5, and to decode thesame and operate the printer PTR to print the decoded character.

The cycle of operations just described is repeated causing the relaycounting chain to operate and control the operation of decoding'relaysDC3 to DCB in successive order until the sixth character has beendecoded by the relay DC'fi after which the stepping signal comprisingthe code units I to 5 marking is replaced by the release ignalcomprising the code units I to 6 marking in character, the relays ST andUL operating in response to this signal as receiving station RC6 causedrelay L6 to operate and at its armature 2I3 and make contact thereofclose as circuit from battery on conductor 204 to the winding of relayUL and thence to ground. The operation of relay UL at its armature 2 I2removed battery from conductor 2M extending to the relay counting chainthereby releasing the operated ones of the counting chain relays and thedecoding relay D06. The release of the relays LI to L5 at thetermination of the release signal caused relays UL and ST to release andrelays RC2 and DCI to operate and prepare the apparatus and cir cuits ofFig. 6 to receive the next succeeding character of the message.

The apparatus for displaying stock prices and the like on electricdisplay boards and the con.- trol apparatus therefor is shown indiagrammatic form on Fig. 8 of the drawings, the apparatus comprising,among other elements, a set of sending relays SRI to SR5 and adistributor D for controlling the receiving and selecting mechanism Rover a single line wire 266 to post the close, open, high, low and lastprices upon a selected group of stock indicating devices such as thoseselected by the relay designed W. The mechanism for selecting andactuating the electromagnetic digit indicators representeddiagrammatically on Fig. 8 of the drawings by the rectangle designated Ris disclosed in the copending application of Merton L. Haselton forElectrical indicatin means, Serial No. 310,719, filed October 6, 1928,now Patent No. 2,248,820, issued July 8, 1941.

In this embodiment of the present invention the printer PTR isdisconnected from the group of conductors I83 to I38 and conductor 2&6and the relay STR and sending relays SRI to SR5 are connected in anysuitable manner such as by slip connections, switch contacts or thelike, to the conductors 206, I83, I84, I85, I86 and I8! respectively.Thus, when a siganl is received by the relays L! to L5, Fig. 6, it isdecoded by the operated ones of the decoding relays DC! to D06 into theoriginal message signal comprising a five unit permutation code which isimpressed upon certain of the conductors I83, I84, 85, I86 and IS? incombination to cause the relay SRI to SR5 to operate selectively and attheiir armatures 2I5 apply battery to certain of the segments I to 5 ofthe ring RI of the distributor D in accordance with the operatedcondition of the sending relays SR. The operated ones of the sendingrelays SR look by way of their make contacts and armatures 2I6,conductor 2II, armature 2I8 and break contact of release relay RR andthence to battery.

When the code shift signal is received by the relays LI to L5 causingrelay ST to operate, battery at armature 2B5 thereof is applied toconductor 206 thereby operating the start relay STR, Fig, 8. Theoperation of relay STR at its armature 2I8 applies battery to thedistributor start magnet DSM causing it to operate and set thedistributor D in operation to transmit the signal stored in the sendingrelays SR to the receiving station R, the circuit therefor comprisingthe distributor brush DB, segment I of the ring R2 and theline 200. IThe operation of relay STR at its armature 2I9 applies battery toconductor 22I, segment S of the ring RI, brush DB, segment I of the ringR2 and thence to the line 200 thereby setting the receiving stationdistributor in operation to receive the message signal during'thepassage of the brush DB over the segments I to 5 of the ring RI.

When the brush DB engages segment 6 of the ring R! a circuit isestablished from ground at segmet 2 of the ring R2, brush DB, segment 6of the ring RI, conductor 222, winding of rela RR and thence to batterythereby causing relay RR to operate. As armature 2I8 of relay RR movesaway from its break contact, battery is removed from conductor 2I I andthe relays SRI to SR5 are thus all restored to their unoperatedpositions.

Since the code shift signal persisted for a less period of time thanthat required for the distributor to complete its revolution, batterywill be removed from conductor 206 releasing relay'STR and thedistributor is thus brought to rest with the brush DB resting on segmentS of the ring RI. The first character of the message compris ing thestock range signal has now been transmitted to the receiving station R.1

'In similar manner, the stock selection and price signals aretransmitted during succeeding revolu tions of the distributor'D until acomplete. stock quotation has been transmitted, the receiving station Rfunctioning automatically to select the stock relay, as for example therelay W, Fig. 8,

and to post the quotation upon the indicators of the selected stock,such as for example'a last price of 99% for the stockWestern Unioncorresponding to the relay designatedW. The line wireZIlIl may bebranched as 223 whereby several receivingstations R may be operatedsimultaneous'ly by the distributor D. V

In Figs. 9, 10 and 11 of the drawings, there is disclosed a system forconverting a telegraph message into a differently coded message, thesystem comprising a transmitting mechanism on which a message may be setup, a system of coding and counting relays for converting the telegraphsignals set up by the transmitting mechanism into a plurality ofdiiferent codes a the telegraph transmitter is operated to transmitsuccessive character signals and a telegraph printer for recording thcharacters represented by. the different coded signals received. Morespecifically, the transmitting mechanism comprises a set of key levers224 pivoted at 24!] and arranged substantially like those of an ordinarytypewriter which cooperate with a set of six permutation bars 225arranged underneath and at right angles to the key levers. Thepermutation bars 225 have notches 226 differently arranged on their topsurface in such a manner that they are positioned in one of twopositions in various combinations representative of the actuated keylever. Extending beneath all the key levers is a universal bail 221,Fig. 9, which is adapted to pivot in a counter-clockwise directionwhenever a key lever is actuated. The universal bail 221 cooperates witha hooked lever 228 and a three armed lever 229 pivoted at 230 to actuatea clutch throwout lever 23I whenever a key lever is depressed. Theclutch throwout lever cooperates with a clutch operated by acontinuously running shaft 234 and indicated in general by the referencenumerals 232, to release a shaft 233. for one revolution at a time in amanner well known in the art.

Associated with each of the permutation bars 225 is a set of individuallevers 235 each of which is pivoted at 236 and is associated with acontact actuating bell crank lever 231. The contact actuating levers 231are pivoted .at 233 and each has an associated cam 239 on the shaft 233in which are single notches such as 24! all in substantial alignment.With the permutation bar 225 in its right hand position as shown insolid outline in Fig. 10, the associated lever 235 is adapted to be in aposition to restrain upward movement of the right hand end of itsassociated. contact actuating lever 23'! as the notch 24I in itsassociated cam 239 rotates into operative relation with the camfollowing projection 242. With a permutation bar 225 in its left handposition the upper end of its associated lever 235, as shown by thedot-dashed outline thereof, is pivoted out of operative relation withthe right hand end of its associated contact actuating bell crank 23!and therefore as its associated cam 239 rotates, it being released ashereinbefore described, the bell crank 23'! is permitted to pivot aslight amount in a counter-clockwise direction by means hereinafterdescribed.

In the normal position of the bell crank 23'! as shown, the associatedcontacts 243 are held in an open condition and when the bell crankpivots in a counter-clockwise direction as described, the contacts 243are allowed to close. Thus, depending upon the settings of thepermutation bars 2-25, the contacts 243 are allowed to close or remainopen in a combination which represents the designation of the actuatedkey lever.

A seventh contact actuating bell crank 237a has an associated cam 239awhich invariably operates to close its associated universal contact 243aon every revolution of the shaft 233. The cams 239 operate theirassociated contact actuating levers 231 during the first part of therevolution of the shaft 233 whereas the cam 239a operates its contactactuating lever 231a near the end of a revolution of the shaft 233. Oneof the springs of the contacts 243 is connected to positive potentialand the others by conductors 244 to the coding relay system as shown inFig. 9. One side of the universal contacts 243a is connected to a sourceof potential and the other through the coil of the stepping relay SP toground in such a manner that the relay SP operates whenever the contacts243a are closed.

The operation of relay SP at its armature 245 interrupts a circuit frompositive source of potential by way of conductor 5a to the countingrelay chain of the coding system to cause the operation of the nextsucceeding coding relay. As armature 245 of relay SP engages its makecontact, battery is applied by way of conductor 246 to the printercontacts 209a and thence to the print magnet PM of the printer PTR fromwhence the circuit is continued to ground, thereby operating the printmagnet to print the character stored in the selection magnets SMI toSMB. The coding system of Fig. 9 may be similar to the coding relaysystem of Fig. l, the conductors designated 244 corresponding to thegroup of conductors II to E5, the conductor 6a to the conductor 5 andthe conductor Ila to 220. to the conductors I! to 22 respectively. Therelay SP corresponds to the relay G of Fig. 1 and is operated by theclosure of contact 24311 of the transmitting mechanism whereas in Fig.1, relay G is operated by the brush B2 engaging segment 2 of the ring R3of the transmitting distributor.

The connections between the conductors 244 and the group of conductorsIla to 22 are con- 16 trolled by the particular coding relay operated,for example, the arrangement according to Fig. 3 may be employed or itmay be in accordance with the arrangement of Fig. i, as the case may be,or any other suitable arrangement may be employed.

Thus, by the system shown on Fig. 9, a telegraph message may beconverted into a message in cipher, for example, by employing a codingsystem having the arrangement of Fig. 3, and the message in cipher willbe printed by the telegraph printer PTR. This cipher may then betransmitted by a telegraph operator to a distant city and then receivedand set up on the keyboard of Fig. 9 which has associated therewith acoding system in accordance with the arrangement of Fig. 4, therebyautomatically decoding and printing the message in its original form bymeans of the printer PTR.

To facilitate the rearrangement of the sequence of difierent codes orthe employment of different code changes f or diiferent messages in thetransmitting and receiving apparatus, the incoming lines Ll, L2, L3, L4,L5 and L6 corresponding, for example, to the conductors H to It, Fig. 1,may terminate on jacks 248 as shown in Fig. 12 and the contacts of thecoding relays designated generally by the numeral 249 may be connectedby means of flexible conductors 25! to plugs 252. Thus, by merelyinserting the plugs 252 of any coding relay into a set of jacks 24%associated with the lines Ll, L2, L3, L4, L5 and L5, the operation ofthe coding relay will establish any desired relationship between thelines LI to L6 and the outgoing lines OLl to 0L5 corresponding, forexample, to the conductors H to 22, Fig. 1. Whenever any such change inthe coding arrangement of the transmitting station takes place, it willbe understood that a corresponding complementary change is to be made inthe coding arrangement of the receiving station by rearranging the plugsin the different jacks thereat, whereby the cipher message will beautomatically decoded into its original form at the receiving station.

While the invention has been described with reference to certainpreferred examples thereof which give satisfactory results, it will beunderstood by those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains,after understanding the invention, that various changes andmodifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention, and it is my intention therefore to cover in the appendedclaims all such changes and modifications.

What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent ofthe United States 1. In a system of the character disclosed, a source ofpermutation code signals respectively corresponding to the differentcharacters of a message, means including a plurality of coding relaysfor converting the character signals into a plurality of differentpermutations, a counting mechanism for operating the coding relays insuccession, an outgoing communication channel, distributor structure fortransmitting the differently permuted character signals over saidchannel, and means included in said distributor structure forcontrolling the operation of said counting mechanism as the distributoroperates.

2. In a system of the character disclosed, a

source of permutation code signals each representing a character of amessage, said source comprising a plurality of transmitting elements,

a group of conductors in electrical circuit with said transmittingelements, a plurality of coding relays, means comprising a countingrelaychain for operating said coding relays in predetermined order,distributor structure comprising a plurality of transmitting segmentsconnected to the contacts of said coding relays, means for setting upcircuit connections between said group of conductors and the contacts ofsaid coding relays whereby the operation of each coding relay connectsthe conductors of the transmitting elements of said source of signals tothe transmitting segments of said distributor in any desired order,means operable at will for changing said setting up means to eflfectchanges in said circuit connections thereby to alter the code, and meansincluded in said distributor structure for controlling the operation ofthe counting relay chain.

3. In a system for the dissemination of a message in cipher, a firstgroup of conductors, means for applying permutation code signals to saidconductors in accordance with the different characters of the message, asecond group of conductors, a plurality of coding relays each having aplurality of coding contacts to which said first and second groups ofconductors are connected for selectively connecting the first group ofconductors to said second group of conductors in different combinationsto encipher the characters of the message, means including said codingrelays and conductors for causing the coding relays to produceenciphered characters corresponding in number to the original charactersapplied to the relays whereby the encoded message contains but oneenciphered character for each original character of the message, cycliccounting mechanism for causing said coding relays to operatesuccessively in a predetermined sequence during a cycle of operationthereof, and switching means for varying the number of coding relayswhich are effective during said cycle of operation thereby to change theencoding system.

4. In a system of the character disclosed, the combination of atransmitting station having means for setting up coded signalsrepresentative of the successive characters of a message, relay codingmeans for converting said signals into cipher signals, a cyclic relaycounting mechanism for operating said relay coding means, a channel ofcommunication, distributor structure operatively connected to the relaycoding means for transmitting signals including said cipher signals overthe channel, means included in the distributor structure for controllingthe operation of said relay counting mechanism a the distributoroperates, and means operated by the counting mechanism when a cycle ofoperations thereof has been completed for causing the distributor totransmit a special signal over said channel.

5. In a system of the character disclosed, the combination of atransmitting station having means for setting up code signals insuccessive order representative of the characters of a message, meansincluding a cyclic counting chain of relays for converting said signalsinto cipher signals, means for transmitting signals including saidcipher signals to a receiving station, means including a cyclic countingmechanism at the receiving station responsive to the signals receivedfor deciphering said cipher signals and posting the characters of themessage represented thereby, means at the transmitting station operatedby the counting relays for releasing the counting relays and fortransmitting a special signal to is s the receiving station, and meansat the receiving station responsiveto said special signal for restoring,said counting .mechanismto a predetermi ed os ni a. s 6. In, a system ofthe character disclosed; a n m t in tat cn"h i so c o c e i s snalsrepresentative of the different characters of a message, meansincluding a set of coding relays each operable in succession forconverting the coded signals into a different code in accordance withthe coding relay operated, a counting mechanism for successivelyoperating said coding relays, a channel of communication, meansincluding a transmitting relay for transmitting said converted signalsover, the channel, and means for varying at will the number ofcharacters transmitted by said transmitting station during a singleoperation of said counting mechanism.

7. In a system of the character disclosed, the

combination of a transmitting station having a source of coded signalsrepresentative of the different characters of a message, means includinga plurality of coding relays each operable in succession for convertingthe coded signals into different codes in accordance with the codingrelay operated, means including a counting mechanism for operating saidcoding relays in succession, a channel of communication, means fortransmitting said converted signals over said channel, a receivingstation having means for receivin and storing said converted signals,means controlled by said receiving means for decoding and posting themessage characters represented by said converted signals, means at thetransmitting station for varying at will the number of characterstransmitted over the channel during a single operation of said countingmechanism, means operable when a predetermined number of convertedsignals have been transmitted in any one code for causing saidtransmitting means to transmit a special signal over said channel, andmeans at the receiving station automatically responsive to said specialsignal for controlling the decoding means to decode subsequent convertedsignals received by the receiving means and cause said posting means topost the characters represented by the converted signals.

8. In a system of the character disclosed,z the combination of atelegraph keyboard transmitter having a plurality of signal transmittingcontact elements settable in code combinations in accordance with thecharacters of a message to be transmitted, a universal contact on saidkeyboard transmitter operable whenever any one of the key levers isactuated, a set of coding relays, a first group of conductors connectedto said transmitting contact elements, a second group of conductorsconnected to said coding relays, a telegraph printer connected to saidsecond group of conductors, means comprising contact members controlledby the coding relays for altering the relationship between the first andsecond groups of conductors as the coding relays are operated, and meanscontrolled by the universal contact for operating the coding relays inpredetermined order to cause the message printed by the printe to appearin. cipher.

9. In a system of the character disclosed, the combination of atelegraph printer keyboard having a plurality of contact elementssettable in code combinations to represent the characters of a messagein cipher, a universal contact on said mechanism adapted to operatewhenever any one of the key levers is depressed, a set of decodingrelays, a first group of conductors connected to.

19 said contact elements, a second group of conductors connected to saiddecoding relays, a telegraph printer controlled by said second group ofconductors, means controlled by each of the dein succession, and meanscontrolled by said universal contact for operating the decoding relaysto decipher the message and cause the printer to print the originalmessage represented by the coding relays for establishing apredetermined 5 cipher.

relationship between the first and second groups of conductors as thedecoding relays are operated RAYMOND M. HICKS.

